Sabirkhan@newyork.usa.Com
Tuesday, June 18, 2013
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Forum: SabirKhan.phpbb3now.Com Sabirkhan@newyork.usa.Com Tuesday, June 18, 2013 |
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Epinephrine |
1. a1, a2, b1, b2 |
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Norepinephrine |
2. a1, a2, b1 (no b2 activity) |
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GABA |
3. Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization |
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Muscarinic-r |
4. Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers 5. Parasympathetic control |
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Bethanechol |
6. Cholinergic. GI & Bladder motility. Txt atonic bladder post-op |
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Pilocarpine |
7. Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation. 8. Txt acute glaucoma |
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Isoflurophate |
9. Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r |
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Pralidoxime |
10. “2PAM”. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase |
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Neostigmine |
11. Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r 12. Txt Myasthenia Gravis |
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Myasthenia Gravis |
13. Anitbodies to Ach-r. ’g muscular weakness due to Ach’s weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r |
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Tubocurium |
14. Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r. 15. Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ 16. Histamine release= ¯ BP & bronchospasm |
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Trimethaphan |
17. Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS |
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Pancurium |
18. More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release |
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Succinylcholine |
19. Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton 20. Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion. |
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a1 & Eye |
21. Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-). |
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M-r & Eye |
22. Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-). www.sabirkhan.com |
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Sympathetic |
23. Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine |
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Parasym. |
24. Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach |
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M3-r & Eye |
25. Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation. |
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M2-r & Heart |
26. Negative chronotropy: ¯ HR = vagal arrest 27. Negative inotropy: ¯ contractility |
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M3-r & Lung |
28. Bronchospasm secretions |
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M3-r & GI |
29. motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation |
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Tacrine |
30. Acetylcholine esterase (-)r. Txt Alzheimer’s |
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Atropine |
31. DOC w/ vagal arrest |
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Glycoperrolate |
32. M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers. |
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Pirenzepine |
33. M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers. |
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Doxacurium |
34. Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r. No cardiovascular side effects. No Histamine release. |
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b bungarotoxin |
35. Prevent the releasal of Ach from vesicles @ the pre synaptic nerve ending |
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a bungarotoxin |
36. Irreversible N-r (-)r = ¯ action potentials |
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a1 & Eye |
37. Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation) |
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a1 & Arterioles |
38. Constiction: TPR = Diastolic pressure = Afterload |
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a1 & Venules |
39. Constriction: Venous return = Preload |
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a1 & Sex Function |
40. Ejaculation |
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Diastolic |
41. a1 = TPR sabirkhan.dailyforum.net |
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¯ Diastolic |
42. b2; Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics |
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b1 & Heart |
43. (+)chronotropism = HR. 44. (+)inotropism = contractility; SV; CO; O2 consumption. 45. conduction velocity |
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Phenylephrine |
46. a1 (+) Nasal decongestant. |
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b2(+) Asma Drugs |
47. Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine; Salmeterol |
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Ritodrine/Turbutaline |
48. Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains |
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Phentolamine |
49. Epi reversal. Blocks a, vasodilation occurs. Pt goes from HyperTN to HypoTN. 50. Txt pheochromocytoma = ¯BP |
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Terazosin |
51. Txt BPH |
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Yohimbine |
52. sympathetic outflow = a2 (-). Txt impotence. |
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Cardioselective NMJ |
53. Pancuronium = HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic vagolytic effect & Gallamine (-)r |
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Ecothiophate |
54. Irreversible cholinesterase (-)r. |
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Pyridostigmine |
55. Cholinomimetic that s M & N-r effects. (-) acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase 56. DOC for the oral Txt of MG |
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Digoxin |
1. ¯ AV nodal conduction/ inh. Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in heart cells = inc. contraction force |
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Diltiazem |
2. Txt black men. Txt AV nodal re entrance |
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Quinidine |
3. ¯ AV nodal conduction. Cinchonism. Anticholinergic= aggravate MG. Hypotension= a block |
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Verapamil |
4. ¯ AV nodal conduction. ¯ BP. Negative inotrope= no CHF use |
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Propranolol |
5. ¯ AV nodal conduction. ¯ BP. Negative inotrope(= b block) Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via b2 block. |
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Diazoxide |
6. Balanced vasodilator. |
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Niroprusside |
7. Balanced vasodilator. Unloads heart. s cyanide= pre-txt w/ thiosulfate. Txt Acute HTN’v Crisis |
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Reserpine |
8. Txt severe & resistant HTN. Depletes CA. See stuffy nose. No to pts w/ peptic ulcers. |
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Dobutamine |
9. At high doses b2(+) offsets a1 = b1 CO w/o systemic vascular resistance |
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Dopamine |
10. At low doses Txt Shock= dilates renal and mesenteric aa= maintain urine output |
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Esmolol |
11. Short acting b(-) www.sabirkhan.www.sabirkhan.com |
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Captopril |
12. Balanced vasodilator. Txt Outpt. CHF see dry cough(bradykinin induced) |
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Digoxin |
13. Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter - inotropic - ¯ K+ levels= dig. Toxicity |
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Dig. Toxicity |
14. Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ sever AV block |
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Quinidine |
15. ClassIa anti arrhythmic. Moderate Na Ch. Block |
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Lidocaine |
16. ClassIb anit arrhythmic. Normalizes conduction. Txt initial MI= control arrhythmias |
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Flecanide |
17. ClassIc anti arrhythmic. Marked conduction slowing |
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Amiodarone |
18. Long t1/2= need potent doses to obtain desired level for action. See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis. |
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NE |
19. AV nodal conduction via b1. Metoprolol(-) b1 |
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Ach |
20. ¯ AV nodal conduction via M receptor. Atorpine(-) M-r |
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Atenolol |
21. Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias |
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Bretylium |
22. Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias but causes passing catecholamine release that can aggravate arrhythmias briefly |
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Nimodipine |
23. Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post hemorrhagic vasospasm |
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Atropine |
24. ¯ excess vagal tone as seen in Sinus Bradycardia |
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Nitrates |
25. ¯ preload= venous pooling. ¯ MVO2= reflex tachy. ventr work= dec O2 demand |
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Propranolol |
26. Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady= diastole time= EDV |
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Verapamil |
27. O2 supply via ¯ in vasospasm Txt Prinzmetal’s variant angina |
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Aspirin |
28. Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DVThrombi). Inactivates COX= ¯ platelet production of TxA2, a potent vasoconstictor |
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Warfarin |
29. (-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state |
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Heparin |
30. Dependent on Antithrombin III activation |
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TPA |
31. Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV. 32. Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise |
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Streptokinase |
33. From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts. |
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Urokinase |
34. Human source. plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts. |
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Colestipol |
35. Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA. |
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Lovastatin |
36. HMGCoA reductase(-)= LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA. |
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Losartan |
37. ¯ Aldosterone. Renin 2-3x’s |
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Diazoxide |
38. Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle |
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Clonidine |
39. Central a2(+). ¯ TPR via ¯ symapthetic effect |
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Methyldopa |
40. Central a2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia |
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Phenytoin |
41. ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity |
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Procainamide |
42. ClassIa. SLE like syndrome. |
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Indopamide |
43. Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels |
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Thiazides |
44. Older black men w/ HTN due to Renin. |
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b(-) |
45. Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm) |
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ACEIs |
46. (-) change AI à AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril 47. Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly |
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Epinephrine |
48. contraction rate & force via b1. 49. systolic but ¯ diastolic BP. 50. ¯ peripheral resistance via b2 vasodilaiton |
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Norepi. |
51. heart rate and systolic and diastolic BP 52. peripheral blood vessel resistance |
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Methyldopa |
53. DOC for pregnancy induced HTN |
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Quinidine pre-txt |
54. Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will ¯ ventricular response: Dig.;b(-); Ca Ch.(-) |
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ClassII |
55. b(-) ¯risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI |
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“Gray man” |
56. Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia |
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Beperidil |
57. Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes |
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ACEIs |
58. Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles: ¯GFR & Filtration pressure 59. ¯ Diabetic renal failure progression |
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Adenosine |
60. Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ie… Theophyline) 61. Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia |
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Enoxaparin |
62. Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant |
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Isoproterenol |
63. HR & ¯MAP www.sabirkhan.com |
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Variant angina |
64. Use Ca Ch. (-)r ie… Nifedipine |
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Contraindicated in CHF |
65. b (-)r = you don’t want to ¯ the heart’s pumping strength |
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“TOM” |
1. Short –acting BDZs: 2. Triazolam 3. Onazelam 4. Midazolam |
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Butyrophenone |
5. Haloperidol & Droperidol |
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Atypical D4 |
6. Clozapine – Thioridazine – Olanzepine – Risperidone = Do not cause EPS |
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Flumazenil |
7. BDZ antidote for OD |
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Methylphenidate |
8. Txt attention deficit disorder |
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Phenytoin |
9. Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate |
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Thiopental |
10. Short acting Barb |
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Carbamazepine |
11. DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids |
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Atypical D4-r |
12. Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine |
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Pimozide |
13. Txt Tourette’s |
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Risperidone |
14. Good for negative symptoms |
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Thioridazine |
15. Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic |
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Haloperidol |
16. Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine |
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Imirpamine |
17. Enurisis |
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Clomirpramine |
18. Txt OCD See aggressive behavior w/ use |
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Trazadone |
19. Priapism |
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Bupropion |
20. Helps to quit smoking |
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SSRIs |
21. Primarily used for OCD |
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Fluoxetine |
22. Good for negative symptoms |
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Phenelzine |
23. Irreversible MAOI |
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Lithium |
24. Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder 25. Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3 26. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 27. Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity |
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Alprazolam |
28. DOC stage fright |
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Propranolol |
29. Social phobia |
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k-r |
30. Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation. |
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m-r |
31. Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation. |
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Morphine & O2 |
32. Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation= ¯ CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing. |
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Morphine |
33. ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma |
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Morphine OD |
34. 1.pinpoint pupils 2.¯’d respiraiton 3.coma |
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Meperidine |
35. Anesthetic used during labor |
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Hydromorphone |
36. m(+) used in renal failure |
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Tramadol |
37. Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain |
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Naloxone |
38. Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression |
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Pentazocine |
39. Part k(+) & part m(-) |
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Butorphenol |
40. Part k(+) & part m(-) |
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Nalbuphene |
41. Part k(+) & part m(-) sabirkhan.dailyforum.net |
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¯ GABA |
42. ¯ seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs |
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¯ Fast Na Ch. |
43. ¯ electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine |
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Methoxyflurane |
44. Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction. |
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Enflurane |
45. Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms |
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Isoflurane |
46. Can cause bronchospasm |
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Halothane |
47. Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis |
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Nitric Oxide |
48. No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction. |
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Thiopental |
49. Short acting Barb. |
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Kentamine |
50. Dissociative anesthetic |
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Droperidol |
51. Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect 52. Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block |
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Fentanyl |
53. Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect 54. Used transdermally for chronic pain |
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Midazolam |
55. Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia |
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Primidone |
56. Biotransformed to Phenobarb. |
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C & A delta Fibers |
57. First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia |
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Esters |
58. Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine 59. Broken down and make PABA (allergen) |
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Amides |
60. Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= “i” before “caine” always an amide 61. Metabolized in the liver |
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Amphetamine |
62. DA reuptake (-)’r. MAOI. Parkinson’s txt |
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Bromocriptine |
63. D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for “on-off” phenomenon of Parkinson’s |
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Benztropine |
64. Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinson’s txt |
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Amantidine |
65. ¯ DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling. |
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Diphenhydramine |
66. Txt early Parkinson’s stages |
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Pergolide |
67. > Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine |
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Ethosuximide |
68. DOC for Absence seizures |
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Tranylcypromine |
69. MAOI = antidepressant |
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SSRI & MAOI |
70. Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI) |
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Labor opioids |
71. Meperidine & Nalbuphine |
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Desipramine causes |
72. Sudden cardaic death in children |
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Primaquine |
1. Malaria profylaxis 2. Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale |
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Ciporfloxacin |
3. Quinolone derivative |
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Sulfonamides |
4. PABA structural analogs 5. Inhibit Folic acid synthesis |
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Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception |
6. Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-) Nitrogen balance & d BUN levels. 7. Doxycycline is the exception |
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Ceftriazone |
8. 3rd generation cephalosporin 9. DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ie… HiB) 10. One dose txt of gonorrhea |
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Hepatic coma DOC |
11. Neomycin (aminoglycoside) – it supresses the normal flora = ¯g NH4 production = ¯g free nitrogen levels in the bloodstream. |
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Clavulanic acid |
12. Irreversible (-)r of b lactamases, but ot of transpeptidase = use w/ a b lactamase sensitive penicillin |
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Piperacillin |
13. Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella 14. Broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) |
15. Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Isoniazid |
16. Most commonly used drug for TB. 17. Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol 18. Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis‘ |
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Pyrantel Pamoate |
19. Txt of Hookworm disease 20. Depolarizing NMJ (-)r |
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Buy “AT” 30, “CELL” at 50 |
21. A = Aminoglycosides 22. T = Tetracyclines 23. C = Chloramphenicol 24. E = Erythromycin (macrolide) 25. L = Clindamycin 26. L = Lincomycin |
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Cefoxitin |
27. Txt intraabdominal infections (ie… w/ Bacteroides fragilis) 28. Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin |
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Chloramphenicol |
29. Broad spectrum antibiotic 30. Bone marrow depression (common) – Aplastic anemia (rare) 31. Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be conjugated) 32. DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection) 33. DOC HiB meningitis in kids – especially resistant strain to ampicillin |
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Nifurtimox |
34. Txt trypanosomiasis |
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Metronidazole |
35. Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis 36. Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis 37. DOC Trichomoniasis 38. DOC Giardia lamblia |
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Txt P. carinii |
39. TMP-SMX & Pentamidine |
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Tetracycline |
40. Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera 41. Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 42. Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) |
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TMP-SMX |
43. (-) dihydrofolate reductase activity |
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Benzathine Penicillin G |
44. Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for Txt of Syphilis |
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Praziquantel |
45. Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections) |
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Melarsoprol |
46. Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms |
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Stibogluconate |
47. Txt Leishmaniasis |
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Fluconazole |
48. Txt fungal encephalitis |
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Amphotericin B |
49. Polyene antifingal |
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Ketoconazole MOA |
50. (-) fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane |
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Griseofulvin MOA |
51. Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in dermatomycoses infections |
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Mefloquine |
52. Anti malarial 53. Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum |
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Chloroquine |
54. Txt for Malaria when inside RBC |
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Nifurtimox |
55. DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi |
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Erythromycin |
56. Used in pts allergic to penicillins |
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Nystatin |
57. Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis |
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Acyclovir |
58. Guanine analog 59. Txt Herpes infections |
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Imipenem |
60. Used w/ Cilastatin 61. Can cause seizures |
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Cefoperazone side effects |
62. Bleeding due to vit K level alterations 63. Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders |
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Vancomycin |
64. Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus) 65. “Red neck”: due to histamine release causes facial flushing |
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Meropenem |
66. used w/ Cilastatin 67. Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem) |
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Nafcillin |
68. Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment |
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Peripheral neuropathy |
69. Seen w/ use of: 70. Metronidazole – Isoniazid – Vincristine – ddI – AZT – Allopurinol |
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Sulfonamides & newborns |
71. Kernicterus can occur |
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“O.N.E.” for gonorrhea |
72. Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea: 73. O = Ofloxacin 74. N = Norfloxacin 75. E = Enoxacin |
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Ribavirin |
76. Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) |
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Cyclosporine |
77. Protects against rejections from organ transplants 78. Does not induce bone marrow depression |
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Cyclophosphamide |
79. Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA 80. Txt CLL |
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Cisplatin’s toxicities |
81. Nephro- & Ototoxicity |
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Methotrexate |
82. Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase |
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Leucovorin Rescue |
83. Can block/reduce Methotrexate = folic acid via a reduced folate |
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Bleomycin toxicities |
84. Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis |
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Azathiorine |
85. Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts 86. Allopurinol can its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase |
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MOPP |
87. Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkin’s disease 88. M = Mechlorethamine – nitrogen mustard 89. O = Oncovin (Vincristine) – prevents microtubule assembly 90. P = Procarbazine 91. P = Prednisone – glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis |
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Tamoxifen |
92. (-) estrogen receptor 93. Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA |
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Flutamide |
94. Antiandrogenic 95. Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog) 96. Txt prostatic CA |
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Megestrol |
97. (-) progesterone receptor 98. Txt endometrial CA |
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Fluoxymesterone |
99. Androgenic steroid 100. Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women |
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Methotrexate |
101. Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase 102. Txt of ALL 103. Txt of Psoriasis |
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Brain tumor Txt |
104. Lomustine 105. Carmustine – Causes pulmonary fibrosis |
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Streptozocin |
106. Attaches to b cells 107. Txt of pancreatic insulinomas |
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Cytarabine (AraC) |
108. Pyrimidine analog 109. DOC for AML |
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Dactinomycin |
110. Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma |
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Etoposide |
111. Used for oat cell CA |
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Paclitaxel |
112. Used for ovarian CA |
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Amifostine |
113. Can ¯ nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin |
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Mobitz I |
114. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block. 115. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol. |
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Mobitz II |
116. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI. |
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P wave |
117. Atrial depol. |
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a wave |
118. LA contraction |
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T wave |
119. Vetricular repol. |
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Wavy fibers |
120. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI. |
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Janeway’s lesions |
121. Acute bacterial endocarditis. 122. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles. |
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Osler’s nodes |
123. Subacute bacterial endocarditis. 124. Tender lesions of fingers & toes. |
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Thiamine defcy |
125. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption 126. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy 127. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss |
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Fibrinous Pericarditis |
128. Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s |
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Serous Pericarditis |
129. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction. |
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Friction Rub |
130. Pericarditis association |
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis |
131. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm |
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
132. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart 133. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly 134. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa). |
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PML’s infectious agent |
135. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid) |
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Edema |
136. Pc (more seeps out) 137. ¯pc (less reabsorbed) 138. permeability 139. Block lymphatic drainage |
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease |
140. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present. 141. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis |
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Malignant HTN & Kidneys |
142. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men |
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Nephritic signs |
143. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN |
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Nephrotic signs |
144. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema |
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/ |
145. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease |
|
ASO seen in |
146. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to bHGASrtep) 147. Anti streptolysin O |
|
Crescentic GN |
148. Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome 149. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis |
|
Hereditary Nephritis |
150. Alport’s syndrome. X linked 151. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities |
|
Membranoproliferative GN |
152. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL 153. See tram tracking |
|
TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits |
154. C3 & IgG deposits sabirkhan.dailyforum.net |
|
TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits |
155. Only C3 deposits 156. Aka Dense deposit disease |
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits |
157. IgM & C3 deposits |
|
Cold agglutinins |
158. Seen in atypical pneumonia 159. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs |
|
Scrofula |
160. TB in the lymph nodes |
|
Aspirin-Asthma Triad |
161. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction |
|
Ferruginous bodies |
162. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised |
|
Pancoast’s tumor causes |
163. Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome |
|
Fatty degeneration |
164. Made up primarily of triglycerides 165. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis 166. Associated w/ CCl4- |
|
Cloudy swelling |
167. Failure of cellular Na pump 168. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver |
|
Hydropic degeneration |
169. Severe form of cloudy swelling 170. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea |
|
Liquefaction necrosis |
171. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids 172. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries 173. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation |
|
Coagulation necrosis |
174. Result of sudden ischemia 175. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen |
|
Caseation necrosis |
176. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis 177. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
|
Fibrinoid necrosis |
178. Seen in the walls of small arteries 179. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis |
|
Fat necrosis |
180. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes 181. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results |
|
Hemoptysis |
182. Blood in sputum |
|
Pulmonary embolism |
183. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein |
|
Phlebothrombosis |
184. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt, 185. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability |
|
Saddle embolus |
186. Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks 187. RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale |
|
Paradoxical embolism |
188. Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation 189. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect |
|
Tuberculoid granuloma |
190. Collection of macrophages w/o caseation 191. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections |
|
Cellulitis |
192. Spreading infection due to streptococcus |
|
PSA |
193. Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA |
|
5-HT |
194. In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist) |
|
aFeto Protein |
195. Hepatocarcinoma 196. Neural tube defects |
|
CEA |
197. Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA |
|
Chromosome 13 |
198. Retinoblastoma |
|
Chromosome 11p |
199. Wilms tumor of the kidney |
|
Vinyl Chloride |
200. Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver |
|
Agent Orange |
201. Contains dioxin 202. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas |
|
Parasites & CA |
203. Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA 204. S. mansoni = Colon CA 205. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen |
|
Ochronosis |
206. Alkaptonuria 207. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) 208. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine 209. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage |
|
Lead poisoning |
210. Acid fast inclusion bodies 211. urinary coproprophyrin 212. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic 213. Stippling of the basophils 214. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray 215. Mental retardation |
|
Heroin OD, clinically |
216. Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils |
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome |
217. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism |
|
Atypical mycobacterium |
218. M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare |
|
Cold abscesses |
219. Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation |
|
Actinomyces isrealli |
220. Farmers infection 221. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus |
|
Congenital Syphilis |
222. Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis |
|
Warthin-Finkeledy cells |
223. Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen 224. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus |
|
Diphyllobothrium latum |
225. Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host |
|
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis |
226. a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem |
|
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis |
227. Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli 228. Common among drug addicts & diabetics |
|
Mitral Insufficiency |
229. Ruptured papillary muscle |
|
Left Anterior Descending branch |
230. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 231. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion 232. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum |
|
Left Circumflex branch |
233. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 234. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV |
|
Dissecting Aneurysm |
235. False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta 236. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease 237. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim |
|
Cor Pulmonale |
238. Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy |
|
Acute Cor Pulmonale |
239. Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism |
|
Bronchopneumonia |
240. Lobular (rather than lobar) 241. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli 242. Abscess formation is common |
|
Lobar pneumonia |
243. Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella) 244. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia 245. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia 246. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media |
|
Bronchiectasis |
247. Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip 248. Supparation associated 249. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement |
|
Cold Agglutinins |
250. Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
|
Panlobular Emphysema |
251. a1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung |
|
Bulla |
252. Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax |
|
Farmer’s Lung |
253. Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes) |
|
Bagassosis |
254. Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes) 255. Inhalation of sugar cane dust |
|
Silo-Filler’s Lung |
256. Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn |
|
G6PDH Deficiency |
257. Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans 258. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs |
|
HbF |
259. Sickle Cell Anemia |
|
Multiple Myeloma |
260. Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts |
|
Hodgkin’s Disease |
261. Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection 262. Reed Sternberg cells |
|
Polyarteritis Nodosa |
263. Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall 264. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag 265. Can see fever; abd.pain; ¯ wt; HTN; muscle aches |
|
Sprue |
266. Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted 267. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels |
|
Regional Enteritis |
268. Crohn’s Disease 269. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum |
|
Whipple’s Disease |
270. Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome |
|
Kulchitsky cells |
271. Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas |
|
Ulcerative Colitis |
272. Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence 273. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn 274. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep 275. Not transmural involvement |
|
Vaginal Adenosis |
276. Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy 277. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix |
|
Scirrhous Carcinoma |
278. Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma |
|
Hofbauer Cells |
279. Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
|
Retinopathy of Prematurity |
280. Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations |
|
IgA deficiency |
281. Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases 282. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction |
|
Priamry Sjorgen’s |
283. Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease. |
|
Secondary Sjorgen’s |
284. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association 285. RA association shows HLA-DR4 |
|
LDH1 & LDH2 |
286. Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction |
|
LDH3 |
287. Lung tissue |
|
LDH4 & LDH5 |
288. Liver cells |
|
Keratomalacia |
289. Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET |
|
Metabisfite Test |
290. Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution 291. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2 |
|
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia |
292. Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 293. See Helmet cells |
|
Wright’s stain |
294. Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma |
|
Mononucleosis |
295. Due to EBV infeciton 296. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur. |
|
T(8;14) |
297. Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression |
|
T(9;22) |
298. CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation |
|
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis |
299. Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma 300. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape |
|
Myeloid Metaplasia |
301. Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent 302. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis |
|
Multiple Myeloma |
303. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx 304. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA 305. Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction) |
|
T(14;18) |
306. NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma |
|
Focal Segmental GN exs |
307. IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura) |
|
Nephrotic Syndrome exs |
308. Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine |
|
Schistosoma Haematobium |
309. Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type) 310. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction |
|
Penicillin Resistant PID |
311. PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species |
|
Duret Hemorrhages |
312. Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain 313. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas |
|
Hypertensive Hemorrhage |
314. Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages |
|
Cerebral Embolism from |
315. MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect |
|
Neurosyphilis |
316. Tabes Dorsalis = ¯ joint position sensation, ¯ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils 317. Syphilitic meningitis 318. Paretic neurosyphilis |
|
5p- |
319. Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry |
|
Trisomy 13 |
320. Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers |
|
Acute Cold Agglutinaiton |
321. Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs 322. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections |
|
Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton |
323. Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs |
|
RBC Osmotic Fragility |
324. Hereditary Spherocytosis |
|
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas |
325. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL. 326. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene 327. Large Cell 328. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL 329. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL |
|
Singer’s Nodules |
330. Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice |
|
Paraseptal emphysema |
331. Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax |
|
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome |
332. Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis. |
|
Betel nuts |
333. Associated to oral cancer. |
|
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis |
334. Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases |
|
Antral (Type B) Gastritis |
335. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer |
|
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis |
336. Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs 337. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas) |
|
Acute Pancreatitis |
338. pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase 339. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back |
|
Radiating Back Pain |
340. Chronic pancreatitis |
|
Complete Hydatidiform Mole |
341. No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX |
|
Partial Hydatidiform Mole |
342. Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs |
|
Cold Nodules |
343. Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine] |
|
Acidophils
|
344. Mammotrophs = Prolactin 345. Somatotrophs = GH |
|
Basophils |
346. Thyrotrophs = TSH 347. Gonadotrophs = LH 348. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH |
|
Lacunar Strokes |
349. Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory. 350. Sensory: lesion of thalamus 351. Motor: lesion of internal capsule |
|
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis |
352. ¯ Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure |
|
CSF of Viral Meningitis |
353. Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes |
|
Marble Bone Disease |
354. Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = ¯ osteoclasts |
|
C5a |
355. Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils) |
|
C3b |
356. Involved in Opsonization (& IgG) |
|
Anaphylotoxins |
357. C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells) |
|
Vasoactive Mediators |
358. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF 359. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF 360. d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF |
|
Platelet Aggregation |
361. ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF |
|
Platelet Antagonist |
362. Prostacyclin (PGI2) |
|
Intrinsic Pathway |
363. F XII (Hagman): APTT |
|
Extrinsic Pathway |
364. F VII: PT |
|
Lines of Zahn |
365. Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi) |
|
Currant Jelly appearance |
366. Post mortem clots |
|
Emigration: Chemotaxis |
367. Margination 368. Pavementing 369. Adhesion 370. Chemotaxis 371. Phagocytosis 372. Intracellular microbial killing |
|
Transudate |
373. Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein |
|
Exudate |
374. Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein |
|
Hurler’s |
375. Lysosomal storage disease a L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation |
|
Galactosemia |
376. Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate |
|
Phenylketonuria |
377. Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products 378. Mousy body odor |
|
Autosomal Dominant Diseases |
379. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease 380. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 381. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 382. Hereditary Spherocytosis 383. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 384. Marfan’s Syndrome 385. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) 386. Tuberous Sclerosis 387. Von Hippel Lindau Disease |
|
Autosomal Recessive Diseases |
388. Tay-Sachs 389. Gaucher’s 390. Niemann-Pick 391. Hurler’s 392. Von Gierke’s 393. Pompe’s 394. Cori’s 395. McArdle’s 396. Galactosemia 397. PKU 398. Alcaptonuria |
|
X Linked Recessive Diseases |
399. Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate) 400. Fabry’s Disease (a Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside) 401. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside) 402. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid) 403. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside) 404. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside) |
|
Hypersensitivity Reactions “ACID” |
405. Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives 406. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures 407. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease 408. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing |
|
Transplant Rejections |
409. Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated. 410. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. 411. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage. |
|
Blood Metastasis |
412. Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion |
|
Lymph Metastasis |
413. Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion |
|
Aflatoxin |
414. Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA |
|
Cleft Lip |
415. Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence |
|
Cleft Palate |
416. Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence |
|
Craniopharyngioma |
416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified |
|
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
Inolved in Vision relay |
|
Medial Geniculate Body |
Involved in Hearing relay |
|
Lung Development |
Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa |
|
Heart’s 1st Beat |
21-22 days |
|
Foregut |
Mouth à Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery |
|
Midgut |
Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct à Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery |
|
Hindgut |
Splenic Flexure à Butt crack à supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery |
|
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons |
Narcolepsy |
|
Type I Error |
a: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis |
|
Subdural Hematoma |
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins |
|
Epidural Hematoma |
Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture |
|
Type II Error |
b: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false |
|
Power |
1 - b |
|
Sensitivity |
TP/TP + FN |
|
Specificity |
TN/TN + FP |
|
Positive Predictive Value |
TP/TP + FP |
|
Negative Predictive Value |
TN/TN + FN |
|
Odds Ratio |
ad/bc |
|
d-Dimers |
DIC |
|
Delusion |
Disorder of thought content |
|
Loose Association |
Skip from topic to topic |
|
5 Stages of Death |
Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance |
|
1st Branchial Arch |
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear |
|
2nd Branchial Arch |
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear |
|
Median nerve lesion |
No pronation |
|
Radial nerve lesion |
Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture |
|
Common peroneal lesion |
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot |
|
Diract inguinal hernia |
Goes through superficial inguinal ring. Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men |
|
Indirect inguinal hernia |
Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close |
|
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12 |
T8 = Inferior vena cava T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein |
|
Hemiballism |
Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus |
|
O Linked Oligosaccharide |
In the Golgi |
|
N Linked Oligosaccharide |
In the RER |
|
MLF Syndrome |
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye. Seen w/ MS |
|
ADA Deficiency |
SCID |
|
Raphe Nucleus |
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance |
|
b waves |
Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep” |
|
Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes |
Hexokinase PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase |
|
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes |
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium |
|
Pellagra |
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use |
|
TLCFN |
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & a Ketoglutarate DH complex |
|
LCAT or PCAT |
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase |
|
HMGCoA Reductase |
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis Changes HMGCoA à Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin |
|
Ketogenic amino acids |
Leucine & Lysine |
|
Glucogenic amino acids |
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine |
|
Keto & Gluco amino acids |
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine |
|
Carnitine Shuttle |
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption |
|
Cori Cycle |
Keeps muscles working anaerobically. Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use |
|
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase) |
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump] Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [ heart contractility] |
|
TCA Cycle Products |
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation” Citrate à Aconitate à Isocitrate à a Ketoglutarate à Succinyl à Succinate à Fumarate à Malate àOAA |
|
Cones |
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity. |
|
Rods |
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision. |
|
Gastrula |
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo |
|
Epiblast |
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto. |
|
Sydenham’s Chorea |
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus |
|
(+) Frei Test |
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum |
|
Sabouraud’s Agar |
Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings |
|
FMR1 Gene Defect |
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation |
|
Barr Body |
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO |
|
Aortic Insufficiency Signs |
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation |
|
Scleroderma :”CREST” |
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis |
|
Cretinism |
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button |
|
Hemochromatosis Triad |
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3 |
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